We have seen a large and costly Brazilian diamond fractured accidentally in two by some such means ; but if we remember right, this was occasioned by a fall, after having been subjected to heat. Many authors have permitted their fancy to rove on some attribute peculiar to the diamond, either real or supposed; thus, we are told, that a diamond is softened and broken if steeped in the blood of a goat; but not, according to others, unless it be fresh and warm, nor even then, fractured without blows; and that it will also break the best hammers and anvils of iron.

Sir Thomas Brown says, that a diamond being steeped in goat’s blood rather receives thereby an increase of hardness; ” for,” he observes ” the best we have are reducible to powder without it; and are so far from breaking hammers, that they submit to pistillation, and resist not an ordinary pestle.”
The truth is, as far as the goat’s blood is concerned it makes no difference either way ; and we know very well that it is a matter of no difficulty to crush the diamond in a steel mortar; from its lamellar texture it is also capable of being split and cleaved, and jewellers are by these means enabled to work it. The test of a diamond, in the Brazils, we believe to be this: when placed on a hard stone, and struck with a hammer, if it either resist the blow, or separate into laminae, it is concluded to be one. The introduction of a steel point will easily separate the laminse of the diamond. Small round diamonds cannot however be split.

From the extreme brilliancy of the diamond, and its purity, it was consecrated to all that was celestial, and accordingly supposed that it would triumph over all means employed to subdue it, the solar ray, excepted. It did triumph indeed over the hot furnaces to which it was exposed in the crucible of the alchymist, but the spell which united it to the sunbeam is now dissolved, and it has yielded to the severity of the ” torture and inquisition” of modern chemistry. Newton, reasoning from its great density and high refractive property, concluded that the diamond was combustible, or, to use his own language, ” an unctuous substance coagulated,” though he was in some measure anticipated by Boetius de Boot, in 1609. The event has amply verified this conjecture, and the Tuscan philosophers and the Honourable Mr. Boyle ascertained the fact.

The first grand experiment to prove the combustibility of the diamond took place in the presence of Cosmo the III. Grand Duke of Tuscany, wherein the diamond being exposed in the focus of the great lens (still in the Grand Duke’s laboratory at Florence), it was entirely volatilized. Guyton de Morveau, and others, consumed the diamond, and it was readily dissipated in the focus of the great mirror of Tchirnhausen, as we believe it subsequently was in that of Parker’s burning lens. In the year 1771, Macquer observed the diamond to inflame. Guyton de Morveau had proved that the diamond was destroyed when projected into red-hot nitre; and it was also burnt by means of melted nitre in a gold tube, by Mr. Tennant.
When fragments of diamond were introduced into the brilliant arch of flame, evolved between points of charcoal in the galvanic batteries of the Royal Institution, consisting of 2,000 double plates, and exposing a surface of 128,000 square inches, they rapidly disappeared, being completely volatilized. The diamond may be easily consumed by being placed in a cavity of charcoal, and urging on it the flame of a spirit lamp, by means of a stream of oxygen.

So far the combustibility of the diamond was completely ascertained, but its nature remained still undetermined. Lavoisier had proved and pointed out that carbonic acid gas was evolved as a product both in the combustion of the diamond and that of charcoal, and thus their identity was inferred. The researches of Clouet, Messrs. Allen and Pepys, and others, have confirmed this conclusion- Sir George Mackenzie converted iron into steel by powdered diamonds. Mr. Children’s immense battery consisted of twenty triads, each six feet long, by two feet eight inches broad, exposing a total surface of thirty-two feet; when iron, with diamond powder interposed, was exposed to its influence, the iron was converted into steel, and the diamond disappeared; and Mr. Smithson Tennant, having placed a diamond in a gold tube, supported in a state of incandescence ; a stream of oxygen, by means of gentle pressure, was made to traverse it, and the result proved that the oxygen was transformed into an equal volume of carbonic acid gas, which was found in an opposite receiver resting over mercury.

Sir Humphry Davy, when at Florence, made some experiments with the Grand Duke’s burning lens, on the combustion of the diamond. He found that when the gem was introduced into a glass globe supplied with oxygen, and kindled by the lens, it continued to burn after it was removed from the focus—the oxygen was supplanted by an equal volume of carbonic acid gas, while there was no deposit of aqueous vapour. On the other hand, when plumbago and charcoal were consumed under similar circumstances, there was a sensible diminution of volume, and also a formation of watery vapour, clearly proving that the latter contained hydrogen.

It was once stated that some approximation had been made to the formation of the diamond in the laboratory of the Royal Institution, with their extensive galvanic battery. By acting on charcoal in vacuo, minute hard crystals were said to be formed round the superior wire. Our informant, however, had but an indistinct idea of the mode adopted, and the general features of the experiments ; and as it has never been announced or described, in all probability there is some mistake in the case. It does not seem to us at all probable that diamonds are likely to be formed by an artificial process, though we know the attempt has been made both by means of the galvanic battery and the compound-gas blowpipe; no fear need, however, be apprehended from any such rivalry, more than from the method of forcing by artificial means the unio margaritifera or meleagrina margaritifera to form pearls at command. These molluscs either would not obey the commission, or they were misshapen, unsightly, and worthless.

Spherules of shells, or some other substance, flattened at the bottom, are forcibly inserted between the animal and the shell, in such a way as the animal may not be able to displace them. These, in a short time, are covered with a layer of pearly matter, which is supposed to be secreted by the mantle. It has been stated in France, that a solution of phosphorus in sulphuret of carbon yields minute diamonds. We have been in the habit of using this compound for many years, and have never discovered any thing of the kind; and the diligent search we have made, since this strange announcement, has been equally unsuccessful—we believe diamonds are not so easily formed. From the result of our experiments, we are inclined to think, that in steel the charcoal assumes a crystalline form and arrangement.

The diamond is a gem characterised by its extreme hardness ; notwithstanding this, it often presents, in its rough state, sufficient evidence of having undergone abrasion by friction. There is a peculiar and almost indescribable grating sound produced by rubbing two diamonds together in the hand, which is a tolerably good test.

The diamond is sometimes externally, and always internally, bright, and causes a single refraction of the rays of light.
It is generally crystallized of various forms, of a lamellar structure, strikes fire with steel, and is the hardest of all known bodies; it cuts the hardest crystals, even rubies and sapphires, and the oriental amethyst.
Nothing but diamond powder, obtained by rubbing two diamonds against each other, can polish it, and it is cut by fragments of diamond set in a maule. The diamond is stated to be consumed and volatilized at a temperature which melts silver. It requires a temperature of 5000° F. for its combustion. When exposed to the sunbeam, and carried afterwards into darkness, it exhibits phosphorescence, and it has been stated that such diamonds as do not display this peculiarity may be made to do so by dipping them into melted borax. It becomes phosphorescent also when fixed to the prime conductor of an electrical machine, and a few sparks are taken from it.

The diamond becomes electric by friction, and the Honourable Mr.Boyle obtained electric gleams on rubbing two diamonds together in the dark. It is said, that when fulminating silver is exploded in contact with the diamond, reduced silver is precipitated on it. By igniting fulminating mercury both on and near some diamonds, I found however only faint and equivocal evidence of reduction. The specific gravity of the diamond has been estimated at 3500, water being 1000,—though it must be admitted, that the comparative hardness and specific gravity have been variously estimated, thus:

—An oriental diamond from Ormus, possessed a specific gravity of 3′ 4, and a comparative hardness equal to 20
—a pink diamond with a similar specific gravity, exhibited a hardness equal to 19
—while a bluish diamond, and one of a yellowish tint, with a similar hardness of 19, possessed a specific gravity of 3′ 3, and a cubic diamond of 18, a specific gravity of 3′ 2.

10 – Flawless – no blemishes can be found.

9 – VVS-1 – no flaws inside the table. Possible very small internal
flaws outside the table. If any external flaws are present,
must be very minor.

8 – VVS-2 – very difficult to see flaws with 1 0x magnification power
employed.

7 – VS – 1 – flaws readily seen using 1 0x glass but almost impossible
to see when the stone is viewed from from the back.

6 – VS – 2 – the back looking down through the stone.

5 – Sl – 1 – flaws unable to be seen with the naked eyes but quite
apparent using 1 0x magnification.

4 – Sl – 2 – inclusion may include carbon spots or clouds or feathers
underneath the table or larger flaws outside of the table.

3-1 – I-1 to 3 – this is the least valuable group. They are heavily flawed
and the flaws can be determined with the naked eyes. There
are going to be internal flaws inside the table, maybe
clouds, groups of carbon spots, feathers and/or cracks
that can be seen with the eye.

VVS – Very, very, slightly imperfect
VS – Very slightly imperfect
Sl – Slightly imperfect
I – Imperfect

A flawless stone is simply that. No flaw can be found even with the use of a
10x jeweler’s loupe or 10x microscope. As you go down the scale, the VVS-1 may
have one very small inclusion, generally not in the table (which I’ll cover it
later in the file) portion of the diamond but possibly on the edge. Again,
this flaw is seen only from the front and only on using 10x magnification. It
should not be visible to the naked eye.
As we get into VVS-2, there may be more than one flaw wlth magnification but
they’re still extremely small. One small inclusion may be in the table area of
the diamond.
Into the VS grades, the flaws become larger and more prominent than their VVS
cousins. VS2 may have larger flaws or a number of small spots possibly located
in the table of the diamond that group together and are almost considered one
flaw. They are generally in the same area.
When we talk about 10x magnification, this can be in the form of a jeweler’s
loupe which is a fairly inexpensive must-have item for anyone serious about
stones or a step upward which is the two eyepiece (stereo) microscope, which
many jewelers will have on the premises and will let one borrow when perusing
their stones.
It is wise to always make sure that the magnification device employed is 1Ox.
This is the standard and any variation from this will affect the rating of the
stone to a great degree.
Note that flawless VVS and VS rated stones are rated when looking at the stone
right side up with a 1 Ox magnification device. If you pick up a stone that
supposedly falls under one of these ratings and you can see inclusions with
the naked eye, you’re not looking at a stone that is properly rated.
An Sl-1 rated stone will have inclusions that are very obvious under 1Ox
magnification, but should still be borderline visible or not visible when
viewed with the naked eye. The Sl-1 stone may have these borderline visible,
small dots or inclusions in the table or edge of the stone. An Sl-2 rating
will have larger flaws and probably more than one. These will be easily
visible to the naked eye.
In the I grades, the stones can be considered either quite flawed or imperfect.
Flaws are probably inside the table. There may be flaws of more than one
variety, clouds, cracks or groups of black or white carbon spots will be
visible. This last group of stones obviously are the least valuable and the
least interesting for anyone trying to convert from cash to gems and back
again.
Looking backward we can infer several things, the first of which being if you
can spot a number of inclusions without the use of magnification device, the
stone is going to be graded 1, whether l-1, I-2 or l-3 is open to some
subjective effort, but it will be an I rated stone.
If you can’t find flaws with your eye alone but they do become visible when
using a loupe, one can assume that the stone is an Sl rated stone.
The differentiation between an S stone and a VS stone is that in a VS stone
inclusions may not be seen extremely clearly even with the loupe. If the stone
is turned over and laid on the flat front part (the face of the stone – this
is the table) and one views down from the back of the stone where all the
facets come to a point and the flaws are more readily seen here, one can
assume it is a VS-2 or above rated stone.
Note this viewing is done under white light and with the stone loose. It is
very difficult to judge any of the 4 C’s when the stone is mounted. Mounted
stones are not generally considered for investment grade purchases. The stone
should be loose and one should be able to turn it freely.